A Review on Toxicity of Paper Mill Effluent on Fish

Pulp and paper mill, controversially, is one of the largest and major contributors of pollution in aquatic environment, affecting aquatic organisms in general and fishes in particular. Several field and laboratory studies were conducted worldwide on effects of both treated and untreated paper mill effluents on fish. The studies showed wide ranges of toxicity at organismal as well as at population levels. Several workers discussed endpoints of paper mill toxicity in fish ranging from acute and behavioral toxicity, developmental and growth studies, immune toxicity, haematotoxicity, genotoxicity, histotoxicity as well as effects on enzymes, reproductive and endocrine disruption. The present study is an attempt to review toxic effects of paper mill effluents in fish.